Notes

  1. Research reported here was carried out in 1985-86 with help from the Social Science Research Council, the National Science Foundation, and the Wenner-Grenn Foundation. I am grateful for institutional support from the Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, or Indonesian Academy of Sciences, during that research. All opinions expressed here are my own.
  2. Unless indicated otherwise, foreign words cited in the body of the text are Indonesian, not Javanese.
  3. On this issue see Hoffman 1979 and sources cited there.
  4. See on the politics and culture of this relation Pemberton 1989.
  5. For discussion see Errington 1985, 1988, and sources cited there.
  6. PKI is an acronym for Partai Komunis Indonesia, the Indonesian Communist Party eradicated by the army in 1965.
  7. On this general process see 1989; for a discussion of the complementary politics of Javanese and Indonesian language among that national elite see Errington (forthcoming) and the literature cited therein.